root权限丢失

今天本来是想把root修改成别的名字 哪知道是直接创建一个用户，然后root给我删除了，啥权限都没了，user表 权限全是n，我当时连user表都给我清空了害怕冲突

TRUNCATE TABLE user;  清空user表数据

insertintomysql.user(Host,User,Password)values("localhost","root","****"); //插入数据

mysql> select* from user;+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+| Host      | User | Password                                  | Select_priv | Insert_priv | Update_priv | Delete_priv | Create_priv | Drop_priv | Reload_priv | Shutdown_priv | Process_priv | File_priv | Grant_priv | References_priv | Index_priv | Alter_priv | Show_db_priv | Super_priv | Create_tmp_table_priv | Lock_tables_priv | Execute_priv | Repl_slave_priv | Repl_client_priv | Create_view_priv | Show_view_priv | Create_routine_priv | Alter_routine_priv | Create_user_priv | Event_priv | Trigger_priv | ssl_type | ssl_cipher | x509_issuer | x509_subject | max_questions | max_updates | max_connections | max_user_connections |+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+| localhost | root | ***** | N           | N           | Y           | N           | N           | N         | N           | N             | N            | N         | N          | N               | N          | N          | N            | N          | N                     | N                | N            | N               | N                | N                | N              | N                   | N                  | N                | N          | N            |          |            |             |              |             0 |           0 |               0 |                    0 |+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+1 row inset(0.00 sec)

首先杀死

killall mysqlkiall mysqld后台启动bin/mysqld_safe--user=mysql --skip-grant-table --skip-networking

屏蔽权限。

use mysql先开始更新还是报错 所以先修改更新权限update user setUpdate_priv ='Y'where user = 'root'；如果root 没有所有数据的权限update user setSelect_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setInsert_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setUpdate_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setDelete_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setCreate_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setDrop_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setReload_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setShutdown_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setProcess_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setFile_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setGrant_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setReferences_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setIndex_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setAlter_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setShow_db_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setSuper_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setCreate_tmp_table_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setLock_tables_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setExecute_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setRepl_slave_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setRepl_client_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setCreate_view_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setShow_view_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setCreate_routine_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setAlter_routine_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setCreate_user_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setEvent_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';update user setTrigger_priv ='Y'where user = 'root';

Select_priv。确定用户是否可以通过SELECT命令选择数据。Insert_priv。确定用户是否可以通过INSERT命令插入数据。Update_priv。确定用户是否可以通过UPDATE命令修改现有数据。Delete_priv。确定用户是否可以通过DELETE命令删除现有数据。Create_priv。确定用户是否可以创建新的数据库和表。Drop_priv。确定用户是否可以删除现有数据库和表。Reload_priv。确定用户是否可以执行刷新和重新加载MySQL所用各种内部缓存的特定命令，包括日志、权限、主机、查询和表。Shutdown_priv。确定用户是否可以关闭MySQL服务器。在将此权限提供给root账户之外的任何用户时，都应当非常谨慎。Process_priv。确定用户是否可以通过SHOW PROCESSLIST命令查看其他用户的进程。File_priv。确定用户是否可以执行SELECT INTO OUTFILE和LOAD DATA INFILE命令。Grant_priv。确定用户是否可以将已经授予给该用户自己的权限再授予其他用户。例如，如果用户可以插入、选择和删除foo数据库中的信息，并且授予了GRANT权限，则该用户就可以将其任何或全部权限授予系统中的任何其他用户。References_priv。目前只是某些未来功能的占位符；现在没有作用。Index_priv。确定用户是否可以创建和删除表索引。Alter_priv。确定用户是否可以重命名和修改表结构。Show_db_priv。确定用户是否可以查看服务器上所有数据库的名字，包括用户拥有足够访问权限的数据库。可以考虑对所有用户禁用这个权限，除非有特别不可抗拒的原因。Super_priv。确定用户是否可以执行某些强大的管理功能，例如通过KILL命令删除用户进程，使用SETGLOBAL修改全局MySQL变量，执行关于复制和日志的各种命令。Create_tmp_table_priv。确定用户是否可以创建临时表。Lock_tables_priv。确定用户是否可以使用LOCK TABLES命令阻止对表的访问/修改。Execute_priv。确定用户是否可以执行存储过程。此权限只在MySQL 5.0及更高版本中有意义。Repl_slave_priv。确定用户是否可以读取用于维护复制数据库环境的二进制日志文件。此用户位于主系统中，有利于主机和客户机之间的通信。Repl_client_priv。确定用户是否可以确定复制从服务器和主服务器的位置。

setpassword for'root'@'localhost'=password('****');GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%'WITH GRANT OPTION ;flush privileges;bye更新密码

谨慎操作delete from user where not(host="localhost"and user="root");flush privileges;

现在再来查看下

mysql> select* from user;+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+| Host      | User | Password                                  | Select_priv | Insert_priv | Update_priv | Delete_priv | Create_priv | Drop_priv | Reload_priv | Shutdown_priv | Process_priv | File_priv | Grant_priv | References_priv | Index_priv | Alter_priv | Show_db_priv | Super_priv | Create_tmp_table_priv | Lock_tables_priv | Execute_priv | Repl_slave_priv | Repl_client_priv | Create_view_priv | Show_view_priv | Create_routine_priv | Alter_routine_priv | Create_user_priv | Event_priv | Trigger_priv | ssl_type | ssl_cipher | x509_issuer | x509_subject | max_questions | max_updates | max_connections | max_user_connections |+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+| localhost | root | *01540717ECF753C83ECBAD389C3CE2291FDD5BD4 | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y         | Y           | Y             | Y            | Y         | Y          | Y               | Y          | Y          | Y            | Y          | Y                     | Y                | Y            | Y               | Y                | Y                | Y              | Y                   | Y                  | Y                | Y          | Y            |          |            |             |              |             0 |           0 |               0 |                    0 |+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+------------+-----------------------+------------------+--------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------+--------------+----------+------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+-----------------+----------------------+1 row inset(0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%'WITH GRANT OPTION ;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> flush privileges;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> grant all on *.* to 'root'@'%'identified by '****';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> flush privileges;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

都可以了

mysql目录权限

cpsuport-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf  //修改目录权限chownroot:mysql /etc/my.cnfchmod644 /etc/my.cnf

mysql安全设置

1.禁止远程连接mysql

因为我们的mysql只需要本地的php脚本进行连接，所以我们无需开socket进行监听，那么我们完全可以关闭监听的功能。

* 配置my.cnf文件，在[mysqld]部分添加 skip-networking 参数

BLOB：

MySQL的四种BLOB类型

类型 大小(单位：字节)

TinyBlob 最大 255

Blob 最大 65K

MediumBlob 最大 16M

LongBlob 最大 4G

2.删除默认的数据库和用户

drop database test;

use mysql;

delete from db;

delete from user where not(host="localhost" and user="root");

flush privileges;

4. 本地文件安全：

提高本地安全性，主要是防止mysql对本地文件的存取

set-variable=local-infile=0

6.最小权限用户：

create database db1;

grant select,insert,update,delete,create,drop privileges on database.* to user@localhost identified by 'passwd';

7. 限制普通用户浏览其它数据库，编辑my.cnf在[mysqld]添加：

--skip-show-database

8.快速修复MySQL数据库

修复数据库

mysqlcheck -A -o -r -p

修复指定的数据库

mysqlcheck -o -r database -p

9.跟据内存的大小选择MySQL的配置文件：

my-small.cnf # > my-medium.cnf # 32M - 64M

my-large.cnf # memory = 512M

my-huge.cnf # 1G-2G

my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf # 4GB

服务器安全总结：

1.root用户禁止使用，加深root密码

2.定期更改数据库的名字及管理员帐密

3.定期备份数据

4.关闭不需要的服务

5.创建一个User账户，运行系统

6.Nginx安全加固和优化

7.网站目录权限设置：

（1）网站上传目录和数据库目录一般需要分配“写入”权限，但一定不要分配执行权限

（2）其他目录一般只分配“读取”权限即可

8.外网只开80，其他端口没对外开放

我们从这8个方面考虑

首先是从工具自动生成加密密码，root禁用

2.定期给数据库修改密码

//进入数据库mysql -u root -p123456//创建用户insert into mysql.user(Host,User,Password)values(“localhost”, “abc”,password(“123“)；  （只添加一次）//修改密码 setpassword for'abc'@'localhost'=password('123456');//刷新权限flush privileges; //授权用户拥有权限center数据库所有权限(center 根据数据库名称修改)grant all privileges on center.* to abc@localhost identified by '123456';  #刷新权限flush privileges;

修改root账户，改变默认mysql管理员的名称这个工作是可以选择的，根据个人习惯，因为默认的mysql的管理员名称是root，所以如果能够修改的话，能够防止一些脚本小子对系统的穷举。我们可以直接修改数据库

update mysql.user setuser="abc"where user="root";flush privileges;

3.定期备份数据是最重要的（后面附上脚本）

4.关闭不需要的服务（脚本附上）

5.创建普通用户（脚本附上）

6.nginx加固

（这里配置文件直接在服务器部署时写入脚本里无需修改）（1）.修改php.ini文件，将cgi.fix_pathinfo的值设置为0; 安全漏洞（2）.彻底隐藏NGinx版本号的安全vim nginx.conf在http {—}里加上server_tokens off; 如：http {……省略sendfile on;tcp_nopush on;keepalive_timeout 60;tcp_nodelay on;server_tokens off;（3）编辑php-fpm配置文件，如fastcgi.conf或fcgi.conf（这个配置文件名也可以自定义的，根据具体文件名修改）：找到：fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx/$nginx_version;改为：fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;（4）重新加载nginx配置：# /etc/init.d/nginx reload

7.对外开放端口（脚本附上）

服务器优化脚本

#!/bin/bash#The author:cs312779641mkdir-p /mysqlbackback=/mysqlback#创建一个普通用户username=1234useradd  $usernameecho“1234” | passwd--stdin $username#该脚本用于关闭服务器上非必须的系统服务项#定义所要停止的服务，可以根据实际服务器应用更改SERVICES="acpid atd auditd autofs avahi-daemon avahi-dnsconfd NetworkManager capi bluetooth cpuspeed cups dund firstboot haldaemon hidd ip6tables irda isdn mcstrans messagebus netfs netplugd nfslock pand pcscd portmap rawdevices restorecond xfs sendmail "forservice in$SERVICESdo#关闭服务随系统启动chkconfig $service off#停止选择服务service $service stopdone#文件备份(实验)name=dbcd  /data/date=`date-I`;tar-zcvf  /$back/$name$date.tar.gz  html#数据库备份mysqldump  --databases db -uroot -p123456 >/$back/db`date+%Y-%m-%d`.sql#清空15天以前文件find/$back/ -mtime +15 -name "*.tar.gz"-execrm-rf {} \; find/$back/ -mtime +15 -name "*.sql"-execrm-rf {} \;#防火墙脚本cat> /etc/sysconfig/iptables<

优化服务器，加深服务器安全，数据库也要加深安全，对运维或者安全来讲重则之重！！！